Egyption Tomb 5 Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies, Free Essays

Egyption Tomb 5 Essays - Ancient Egyptian Mummies, Free Essays Egyption Tomb 5 Early Western Civilization Egyption Tomb 5 Egyptologists had lost interest in the site of tomb 5, which had been explored and looted decades ago. Therefore, they wanted to give way to a parking lot. However, no one would have ever known the treasure that lay only 200 ft. from King Tuts resting place which was beyond a few rubble strewn rooms that previous excavators had used to hold their debris. Dr. Kent Weeks, an Egyptologist with the American University in Cairo, wanted to be sure the new parking facility wouldnt destroy anything important. Thus, Dr. weeks embarked in 1988 on one final exploration of the old dumping ground. Eventually he was able to pry open a door blocked for thousands of years, and announced the discovery of a life time. "We found ourselves in a corridor," he remembers. "On each side were 10 doors and at end there was a statue of Osiris, the god of the afterlife." The tomb is mostly unexcavated and the chambers are choked with debris, Weeks is convinced that there are more rooms on a lower level, bringing the total number to more than 100. That would make tomb 5 the biggest and most complex tomb ever found in Egypt, and quite conceivable the resting place of up to 50 sons of Ramesses II, perhaps the best known of all the pharaohs, the ruler believed to have been Mosesnemesis in the book of Exodus. The Valley of the Kings, in which Tomb 5 is located, is just across the Nile River from Luxor, Egypt. It is never exactly been off the beaten track. Tourism has been brisk in the valley for millenniums: graffiti scrawled on tomb walls proves that Greek and Roman travelers stopped here to gaze at the wall paintings and hieroglyphics that were already old long before the birth of Christ. Archaeologists have been coming for centuries too. Napoleon brought his own team of excavators when he invaded in 1798, and a series of expeditions in 19th and early 20th centuries uncovered one tomb after another. A total of 61 burial spots had been found by the time the British explorer Howard Carter opened the treasure-laden tomb of King Tutankhamun in 1922. Britains James Burton had burrowed into the site of Tomb 5 in 1820, and decided that there was nothing inside. A dismissive Carter used its entryway as a place to dump the debris he was hauling out of Tuts tomb. In the late 1980s, came the proposed parking area and Weeks concern. His 1988 foray made it clear that the tomb wasnt dull as Burton said. Elaborate carvings covered walls and referred to Ramesses II, whose own tomb was just 100 ft. away. The wall inscriptions on the companion crypt mentioned two of Ramesses52 known sons, implying some of the royal offspring might have been buried within. Then, came last months astonishing announcement. For treasure, the tomb probably wont come to close to Tuts because robbers apparently plundered the chamber long time ago. No gold or fine jewelry has been found so far, and Weeks does not expect to find any riches to speak of. The carvings and inscriptions Weeks and his friends have seen, along with thousands of artifacts such as beads, fragments of jars that were used to store the organs of the deceased, and mummified body parts which tell historians a great amount about ancient Egypt during the reign of its most important king. "Egyptians do not call him Ramesses II," Sabry Abd El Aziz, director of antiquities for the Qurna region said. " We call him Ramesses al-Akbar which means Ramesses the Great." During his 67 years on the throne stretching from 1279 B.C. to 1212 B. C., Ramesses could have filled an ancient edition of the Guinness Book of Records all by himself: he built more temples, obelisks and monuments; took more wives(eight, not counting concubines) and claimed to have sired more children (as many as 162, by some accounts) than any other pharaoh in history. He presided over an empire that stretched from present-day Libya to Iraq in the east, as far north as Turkey and southward into the Sudan. Today, historians know a great deal about Ramesses and the customs of his day. However, the newly explored tomb suddenly presents scholars with all sort of puzzles to ponder. For one thing, many of the tombs in the Valley of the Kings are syringe-like, plunging straight as a needle into the steep hillsides. For reasons nobody yet knows, says

Castle Garden Was Americas First Immigration Center

Castle Garden Was America's First Immigration Center Castle Clinton, also referred to as Castle Garden, is a fort and national monument located in Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan in New York City. The structure has served as a fort, theater, opera house, national immigrant receiving station, and aquarium throughout its long history. Today, Castle Garden is called Castle Clinton National Monument and serves as the ticket center for ferries to Ellis Island and the Statue of Liberty. History of Castle Garden Castle Clinton began its interesting life as a fort built to defend New York Harbor from the British during the War of 1812. Twelve years after the war it was ceded to New York City by the U.S. Army. The former fort reopened in 1824 as Castle Garden, a public cultural center and theatre. Following the passage of the Passenger Act of 3 March 1855, designed to safeguard the health and welfare of immigrant passengers to the U.S., New York passed its own legislation to establish a receiving station for immigrants. Castle Garden was chosen for the site, becoming Americas first immigrant receiving center and welcoming more than 8 million immigrants before it was closed on April 18, 1890. Castle Garden was succeeded by Ellis Island in 1892. In 1896 Castle Garden became the site of the New York City Aquarium, a capacity in which it served until 1946 when plans for the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel called for its demolition. The public outcry at the loss of the popular and historic building saved it from destruction, but the aquarium was closed and Castle Garden stood vacant until it was reopened by the National Park Service in 1975. Castle Garden Immigration Station From August 1, 1855 through April 18, 1890, immigrants arriving in the state of New York came through Castle Garden. Americas first official immigrant examining and processing center, Castle Garden welcomed approximately 8Â  million immigrants - most from Germany, Ireland, England, Scotland, Sweden, Italy, Russia, and Denmark. Castle Garden welcomed its last immigrant on April 18, 1890. After the closing of Castle Garden, immigrants were processed at an old barge office in Manhattan until the opening of the Ellis Island Immigration Center on 1 January 1892. More than one in six native-born Americans are descendants of the eight million immigrants who entered the United States through Castle Garden. Researching Castle Garden Immigrants The free CastleGarden.org database, provided online by the New York Battery Conservancy, allows you to search by name and time period for immigrants who arrived in Castle Garden between 1830 and 1890. Digital copies of many of the ship manifests can be accessed through a paid subscription to Ancestry.coms New York Passenger Lists, 1820–1957. Some images are also available for free on FamilySearch. Microfilms of the manifests can also be obtained through your local Family History Center or National Archives (NARA) branches. The CastleGarden database is down somewhat frequently. If you receive an error message, try the alternative search features from Steve Morses Searching the Castle Garden Passenger Lists in One Step. Visiting Castle Garden Located at the southern tip of Manhattan, convenient to NYC bus and subway routes, Castle Clinton National Monument is under the administration of the National Park service and serves as a visitor center for Manhattans national parks. The walls of the original fort remain intact, and park ranger-led and self-guided tours describe the history of Castle Clinton / Castle Garden. Open daily (except Christmas) from 8:00am to 5:00pm. Admission and tours are free.

Read 7 articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Read 7 articles - Essay Example After the hurricane had wreaked havoc a great effort went in for rescuing those stuck in it. This effort could have been well spent to provide relief to the affected. Thus we conclude, that key officers, especially those in decision making posts should be trained to handle emergency decision making. Special leadership programs should be initiated where officers and politicians holding key positions are trained to respond to emergency and take effective decisions in the minimum possible time. Alternately, the officers can be taught emergency decision making with the help of Department of Defense, in special camps, where they are acquainted with emergency response methods of the armed force. Decision to evacuate can also be practiced in simulated exercises and circumstances. The second major impairment occurred due to failure of communication channels and absence of command and control system. The authorities in all major cities especially the coastal areas should be networked through satellite wireless communication network. A satellite wireless network has minimum chances of damage in event of a natural calamity. Even in normal times, the wireless network should be put to use to check its efficacy. Alternately, a computer program of wireless network can be maintained at all the state capitals and the Headquarters. Such program can be used to materialize, an emergency network, in a particular area in the shortest possible time. The National Communication System should be strengthened with all the above suggestions. The third factor that affected the rescue work was the civil-military coordination. Though the army provided emergency help its prowess could not be put to full use due to lack of coordination. The civil-military coordination can be increased in by conducting emergency management drills during normal times. The military and civil officials can meet more often, discuss and plan out emergency

Tort issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tort issues - Essay Example The other issue is Joe; John’s father. He becomes concerned and follows the ambulance. He drives at 60 miles per hour instead of 35 mile per hour and as a result gets arrested by the police In the first case, John has a duty to obey the speed limits of 10 miles per hour but he refused because of his own negligence. If at all he could have obeyed the traffic law then he could have not find himself in trouble with either Paul or police officers. John’s negligence to Paul may be charged as follows; Loss of income, impact at 25 mile per hour, general damage, loss of camera, unconsciousness and hospitals bills. In this issue there are two standard cares to be discussed under tort of negligence; the first one is the standard care of a reasonable man and the statute care. If the speed limit applies to a pedal bike then John is guilty. But the use of the word â€Å"unable† is an indication that John did not cause the accident knowingly but unintentionally and he was trying to control the situation. John could argue that, he did not see the speed limit sign because it was covered with tree branches. And therefore, it is the constitutional right for the government to provide, and make visible, speed limit road signs as appropriate. Also in Paul’s case, John can rightfully claim that Paul’s act of crossing the road where it is unmarked for pedestrians’ constitutes negligence in his part. Therefore, it is possible for Paul to lose the case under contributory negligence law. In order to avoid such contradiction, the court developed an exception called last clear chance .This rule allows Paul to recover first even though it was his fault. Investigation is conducted to prove who had the last clear chance and if it is found that John had the last clear chance then the ruling is unjust and confusing. The other tort in this scenario is the conversion of the camera. Henry is

The convict Able Magwitch Essay Example for Free

The convict Able Magwitch Essay Great Expectations is a novel written by Charles Dickens during the Victorian period, around 1860-61. Dickins today is regarded to be one of the greatest novelists of all time. Great Expectations portrays the predominate themes of a Dickins novel as its central ideas revolve around the division of rich and poor, and how their status is viewed by the society in which they live. The novel Great Expectations is based upon the life of a young orphaned boy named Pip, whom is brought up by his older sister Mrs Joe Gargery and Mr Joe Gargery his brother in law living in Kent. Pip faced with various different incidents, as well as changes that take place in his life, which then structure his future self, as he grows into a man. Such events include him meeting Magwitch, Miss Havisham, and Estella, all of which have diverse effects on him. Pip is the protagonist and narrator of the novel and is reflecting on his past, explaining his story of his younger self. Pip is passionate, romantic, and somewhat unrealistic at heart, as he tends to expect more for himself than is possible, as he has a powerful conscience, and he deeply wants to improve himself, both morally and socially. He grows up to be a rich arrogant gentleman, influenced by Miss Havisham and his love for Estella. Despite his new lifestyle, he is later reminded in the novel, of his former self. This transformation in Pip, from poor to rich clearly reflects the distinct division and contrast in class throughout the Victorian era. Miss Havisham is a wealthy, eccentric old woman who lives in a manor called Satis House near Pips village. She is manic and often seems insane, wonders around her house in a faded wedding dress, keeping a decaying feast on her table. As a young lady, Miss Havisham was jilted by her fianc minutes before her wedding, and now she has a vendetta against all men. She deliberately raises Estella to be the tool of her revenge, training her beautiful ward to break mens hearts. Miss Havishams beautiful young ward, Estella is Pips unattainable dream throughout the novel. He loves her passionately, but though she sometimes seems to consider him a friend, she is usually cold, cruel, and uninterested in him. As they grow up together she repeatedly warns him that she has no heart. Pip also later discovers that Estella is Magwitchs daughter. One of the main themes of this story is wealth. In Victorian times money meant everything and it was what gave people their status in society. Ones individual wealth was reflected by their job and sense of dress, placing them into a society in which they were approved of. Money was a measure of giving a person everything they wanted, from luxuries, to happiness or even to a persons heart. Great Expectations on the other hand proves to illustrate an exact parody of the fact stated above. This is largely due to Pip going though much misfortune, suffering and tragedy as a gentleman, yet the novel points out that no amount of wealth buys you true love or friends, just grief and agony. In chapter one, the first meeting between Magwitch and Pip is set in a bleak place over grown with nettles in a churchyard which was intersected with dykes and mounds and gates that have scattered cattle feeding on it down at the marshes in Kent. The weather, in addition to the surroundings, is as follows; wind was rushing and the distant savage lair was the sea. This makes everything sound very quiet, eerie, and isolated. Also the use of the metaphor describing the sea distant savage lair emphasises how it seems so sister and dangerous. The use if this also creates an image in the readers mind of a dark, almost ghostly sea, making the setting so far very unsettling to the reader. This suggests that the meeting between the two characters may not be a friendly sort; rather it indicates its going to be more of a grim and disturbing type sensing that theres trouble brewing. The weather helps sets the scene and brings it all together, by making the reader anxious and curious about whats going to happen next, through using language such as savage and dark flat wilderness. These words are very negative and unpleasant; hence it brings up curiosity as to why its like that. Overall the setting of the first meeting is very pessimistic and sinister. This makes the setting seem very unappealing, causing the reader build up interest as to why the setting is such and also comes to understand that somethings about to happen, therefore whatever it is, it wont be something good when taking into account and reflecting back at the overall setting, including the weather. This use of subtle contrast from Dickins is in my view very clever as it stands almost as a metaphor for the context of the novel. In the Victorian era the amount of money possessed by each individual was a measure of your popularity and status. Despite this it did not always bring you happiness and contentment. The use of dismal and moody atmospheric description clearly symbolises how not everything is what it seems, as Pip and Magwitch, are not in the end foes as it seems they are going to be in the initial stages of the novel, but instead friends, with respect and understanding for each other. Many years later, the second meeting takes place at Pips home down in Garden-court, in London. Once again, the weather coincidently repeats itself just like chapter ones setting of the first meeting, wretched weather; stormy and wet, stormy, and wet; and mud, mud, mud, deep in all the streets is described as a vast heavy veil which has been around for quite a while. We could suspect that each time Magwitch and Pip are about to meet, the weather acts as an indication of trouble brewing before the meeting has commenced. This is because the weather alters by deteriorating to damp, murky, and stormy, setting the mood or emotion of the meeting that is to take place. All in all, Charles Dickens has created the setting to be very disturbing and eerie, simply by using a savage array of negative words like wretched and savage, causing the setting to appear in a negative light. This makes the reader concerned and question what is to happen next in the meeting between Pip and Magwitch, for the second time. The very first meeting with Pip and Magwitch shows just how different and unique the two characters are when compared to one and other. The story is told by Pip as a grown man, explaining and looking back at his past using his infant tongue to tell the story. However, in the second meeting Pip is no longer a boy, but a mature man who is three-and-twenty years of age whom is narrator and protagonist of the novel, Great Expectations.

Dumping Subsidy and Trade Disputes Essay -- Economy Economics Essays

Dumping Subsidy and Trade Disputes Too many questions have been asked if dumping implies unfair trade practices. Recently, disputes over dumping make it difficult to decide whether or not we should allow this activity to enter our country. Many of us are equally familiar that more foreign imports mean more jobs are being destroyed in American industries. Because of this particular reason, WTO and GATT members have worked together to see if there is a relationship between dumping and unjust trades. In their study, some have discovered that dumping benefits the economy and helps increase competitions among various industries in the U.S. However, there were also some others who took the opposite side by arguing that dumping is an unreasonable practice of trade and may American economy in the future. If dumping really affects trade and costs jobs in the US, then what are the measures needed to prevent this practice and help maintain fair trade in the global economy. In Section 771(34) of the Act (19 U.S.C 1677(34)) â€Å"dumping is defined as the sale or likely sale of goods at less than fair value† (Beckman, Discrimination and Dumping—Web page). To simply put, dumping is the selling of a product in the United States at a price which is lower than the price for which it is sold in the home market after adjustments for differences in the merchandise, the quantities purchased, and circumstances of sale. For example, Japanese exports of digital cameras into the U.S at lower prices than at its home country; if this practice can be justified then Japan is guilty of dumping. But the question that we are concern here is whether Japanese dumping provides any benefits to our economy. According to Professor Paul Krugman from Princeton... ...ct that dumping hurts the economy as a whole and its subsidy is an unfair practice, and must be removed or prohibited from this global economy. Works Cited: A. Irwin, Douglas. â€Å"Free Trade under Fire†. (2002). R. Kruman, Paul et Obstfeld, Maurice. â€Å"International Economics Theory and Policy†. (1991). P. Stewart, Terence et S. Dwyer, Amy. â€Å"WTO ANTIDUMPING AND SUBSIDY AGREEMENTS†. (1998). Marceau, Gabrielle. â€Å"Anti-Dumping and Anti-Trust Issues In Free Trade Areas†. (1994). H. Jackson, John et A. Vermulst, Edwin. â€Å"Anti-dumping Law and Practice†. A Comparative Study. (1989). Global Trade Negotiation. â€Å"Anti-Dumping†. Oct, 20th 2004. http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidtrade/issues/antidumping.html. Beckman, Steve. â€Å"Discrimination and dumping† Oct 20th 2004. http://econ.cudenver.edu/beckman/.

Clean Well Lighted Place

â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† is written by Ernest Hemingway. The subject of this story is life as nothingness. The story starts off with an old deaf man sitting alone in a caf ©. There are two waiters who watch and wait on the old man because he has a tendency to drink too much and if this happens they know he will walk out and not pay. The waiter talks about how the old man tried to kill himself because he was in despair; the other waiter asks why he felt despair and the first waiter said the reason was nothing because the old man has a lot of money.The old man is a very nteresting character; we know he once had a wife, but now is alone with his niece. This story portrays the cycle of life and how surroundings can affect our emotional state. In this story there aren't a lot of details that pop out at the readers. The readers have to read the story over and over again to finally understand it. As the text is read, the old man get s drunk at night at the caf © and likes drinking there because it's clean and well lighted.The younger waiter tells the old man that there are bars open this late, but the old man likes the caf © because bars are completely opposite of what he ikes. The caf © is well lighted, clean and quiet; bars are loud, dark and dirty which is something the old man doesn't want to be around. In the caf © there are two waiters that are working; one is older and the other is younger. When reading the story the readers can get an idea of the waiters' age Just by the dialect. The younger waiter wants the old man to go home so he can go home to his wife.The older waiter tries to explain to the younger waiter that that old man was once married once, maybe even had a family at one point of time in his life, but now all he has is his niece. His niece saved the old man's life when he tried to kill himself; she cut down the rope when he tried to hang himself. They don't know why he would kill hims elf, he had plenty of money. The waiters talked about how he tried to commit suicide and how he did it because he was in despair. The older waiter asked why and the younger waiter said â€Å"nothing†.They were waiting to close up the caf ©, but the old man was still there; yes he was deaf and drunk but he was very quiet and didn't make much noise. The old man asked for another drink and the young waiter gives him the drink and says the old man, mfou should have killed ourself last week. † (Hemmingway 143). The older waiter tries to explain to the younger waiter that old age is a terrible thing, that one day he will be there and he doesn't know how he will be or how he will act when he is an old man. The old man waved for another drink but the young waiter refused; the old man paid and left the caf ©.The younger waiter is impatient and insensitive as some would like to argue. He's excited to go home to his wife, and wants to leave because unlike the old man he isn't lonely. The text show that the younger waiter says immature comments about the old an because he wants to go home, but he doesn't think about the old man, he only thinks about himselt. The younger waiter doesn't think like the old man, old man thinks about many thinks very deeply, yet the younger waiter doesn't think about anyone, but what the younger waiter doesn't seem to realize is that he won't be young forever.In a way he is Just like the younger people in our society now: carefree, young and reckless. As readers can argue young individuals have their whole life ahead of them, so youngsters should be carefree in a way. The older aiter likes to stay late at the caf © Just like the old man and he tries to explain to the younger waiter that the old man likes to stay up because he likes it; the younger waiter Just ignores it and says that he is lonely.The older waiter knows how the old man is because they are both in a way reluctant to go home. The older waiter can relate to the old man because of their age similarity, besides, he walks out without paying. The reason he sides with the old man is because maybe one day he will need someone to keep a caf © open late Just for him. The old man likes staying out late ecause he has nothing to go home to, he says he has insomnia and that many people have that.As readers can argue the older waiter probably tells himself that so he really doesn't seem alone because older people who have nothing to go home to try to occupy their mind so they don't wither away in their own depression. Some would also argue Hemingway contrasts light and shadow, maybe the contrast between young and old; impatient and relaxed; family guy and no family guy. Since the old man is deaf, some readers could say it's a way to distance himself from everyone, like a symbol of separation form the world because he is older.

Community Health in the Event of a Sars Outbreak Essay

SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) is a respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus, originally reported in Asia in February 2003 and spread to over two dozen countries before being contained (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2005). Once infected, individuals with SARS initially develop a high fever and other flu-like symptoms including headache, body aches and â€Å"overall feeling of discomfort† before, in most cases, progressing to pneumonia (CDC, 2005). The disease was first diagnosed in a middle-aged man who had flown from China to Hong Kong. A few days after the announcement of the disease, rumors and panic began to spread, causing people to buy out food and supplies, as the Chinese government insisted the disease was under control and insisted on calm (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). As the disease killed the man and the physician diagnosing the disease, it continued to spread through multiple countries, infecting thousands of people and killing hundreds (â€Å"SARS,† 2011). By the end of the month, Hong Kong and Vietnam were reporting cases of severe and â€Å"atypical† pneumonia (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). In March 2003, the WHO issued a global health alert and an emergency travel advisory, and United States officials encouraged all citizens to suspend non-essential travel to the affected countries and Singapore, Ontario and Hong Kong initiated home quarantine (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). Schools in Southeast Asia closed and there were significant economic effects as well as air travel stalled and business worldwide was affected. In April, countries threatened to quarantine entire planeloads of people if anyone on board showed symptoms, and others threatened jail time for those who obstruct the attempts to control the disease (â€Å"Timeline,† 2003). On April 3, 2003, SARS became a communicable disease for which a healthy person suspected of being infected in the United States could be quarantined against their will (â€Å"Executive Order,† 2003). By June 2003, the number of new cases had slowed down enough to end the daily WHO updates and travel advisories were slowly being lifted (â€Å"SARS,† 2011). On July 5, the WHO declared SARS had been contained (â€Å"WHO,† 2003). As of 2005, no new cases of person-to-person transmission have been reported (â€Å"Surveillance,† 2005). Indicators and Data The main epidemiological indicators for SARS identified by leading healthcare organizations such as the WHO and EpiNorth are the incubation period, infectious period, and case-fatality ratios (World Health Organization: Department of Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response [WHO/DCDSR], 2003; Kutsar, 2004). According to the WHO, the median incubation period reported was 4-5 days, with a minimum reported incubation period of 1 day in 4 cases and a maximum of 14 days reported in China. After further analysis of 1425 cases it was determined that 95% of patients would begin to experience symptoms within 14. 22 days on infection (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). The infectious period, or the period of communicability, was determined to be within the second week of illness, when patients are more severely ill and experiencing rapid deterioration (Kutsar, 2004). During the SARS outbreak of 2003, 8,093 people were infected and 774 of these people died as a result of their infection, with a case-fatality rate of 9. 6% (CDC, 2005; â€Å"Revised U. S. Surveillance,† 2003). The cases were reported from 29 countries on 4 continents, with 29 cases from the United States (â€Å"Revised U. S. Surveillance,† 2003). Other epidemiologic factors affecting the spread of SARS were found, as well. Twenty-one percent of all cases were healthcare workers involved in procedures that generated aerosols, with 3% of the United States cases and 43% of the Canadian cases being people in this group (Kutsar, 2004). Other risk factors found included â€Å"household contact with a probable case of SARS, increasing age, male sex and the presence of co-morbidities† and, in China the slaughter of wildlife for human consumption (WHO/DCDSR, 2003, p. 14). Routes of Transmission In the laboratory setting, the virus was found in respiratory droplets, feces, saliva, tears and urine (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). SARS is primarily spread through close, personal contact, such as kissing, hugging, eating or drinking, as well as being within 3 feet of a person who coughs or sneezes while infected and shedding the virus. These activities allow the respiratory droplets shed during these activities to come in contact with mucous membranes found in the eyes, nose and mouth (Kutsar, 2004). Other modes of transmission include aerosolizing procedures in hospital settings and contamination of surfaces in â€Å"healthcare facilities, households and other closed environments† (Kutsar, 2004, para. 12). There has been no confirmation of fecal-oral transmission or of transmission via water or food; however, over one-third of the earliest cases in China were among food handlers (Kutsar, 2004). Finally, there is a possibility of animal vector transmission, as discussed in regards to the Hong Kong’s Amoy Gardens (WHO/DCDSR, 2003). Effect of Outbreak on Community The SARS outbreak caused major effects on the communities affected. Based on the 2003 outbreak, one can assume similar issues would develop should the disease recur. The biggest impact to communities affected would be the strain on the healthcare system. Since SARS is a largely respiratory disease, it can cause very serious problems in the patients infected, requiring hospitalization in many cases. In the 2003 outbreak, population most likely to develop SARS was healthcare workers. As such, an increase in hospitalizations within a community with a decreased amount of healthcare workers worsens the strain on the community’s healthcare system. Further effects on the community in the event of a SARS outbreak would be seen in the closing of public buildings, such as schools. If the schools closed, as they did in Southeast Asia during the 2003 outbreak, families with two working parents would have to find alternatives for their children. With employment rates in the United States being low at this time, many people may be hesitant to ask for time off work, fearing that someone else would easily replace them in their position. These concerns could also increase the possibility of mass transmission, as many people may try to continue working while sick, not realizing they were carrying the deadly disease. Additionally, many people may procrastinate seeking medical advice on their symptoms, fearing they would be instructed to stay home from work, hospitalized or even quarantined. As evidenced in laboratory studies of the virus, virus secretion increases as the disease lingers (Kutsar, 2004). Simply, the longer a person is infected, the more easily they transmit the infection to others. As more and more of the community becomes infected, and possibly quarantined, other services in the community will suffer. Grocery store shelves may remain empty longer, as healthy staff struggle to keep up with the demand. Mail delivery may lengthen due to more postal carriers becoming ill and staying home. Businesses in general may be forced to shorten their hours due to an inability to schedule staff, resulting in problems with banking, supplies, and even medication disbursement. Further, the community health system would be greatly stressed, as the number of people needing care would grow, potentially covering a larger area than normally served and straining the resources of the public health system. This strain would impact all of the programs served out of the local offices, impacting even more people. Protocol In the State of Illinois, SARS is listed with the Class I(a) conditions that have been declared to be â€Å"contagious, infectious, or communicable and may be dangerous to the public health,† and, needs to be reported to the local health department within three hours of initial clinical suspicion (Control of Communicable Diseases Code, 2008). This can be done electronically through mail, phone, fax or the web-based system, I-NEDSS (Illinois National Electronic Disease Surveillance System) and will include case name and contact information as well that of the physician. After the local public health office has been notified, they will contact the Illinois Department of Public Health, also within three hours using the same techniques. This report shall include race, gender, and ethnicity as well (Control of Communicable Diseases Code, 2008). These reports are sent via the National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) and allows the CDC to monitor new cases and disease trends as well as evaluate the efficiency of prevention and control activities, program planning and evaluation, and policy development (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). Modification of Care As a community health nurse, one must be constantly aware of changes in the environment served. If a report of poor air quality is issued while the community health nurse is caring for patients suffering from asthma and other respiratory disorders, immediate action must be taken as the poor air quality can cause exacerbations. First, the nurse will need to prioritize the patient load—which patient is the most susceptible to this change in air quality and should be seen first? Then, the nurse will begin calling or, if time allows, visiting the patients to check in and provide further direction. Some of the interventions the nurse may suggest are to stay indoors closing all windows and doors to prevent the poor air from entering the home and interfering with the patient’s breathing. Additional suggestions would be to limit activity which would increase the oxygen demand in the patient’s body, resulting in faster, less efficient respirations. Patients should be reminded to keep their rescue inhalers with them at all times, as well as to be sure and take all their preventative medications as prescribed. If the nurse is making home visits, s/he will be checking the medication bottles to see if the patient has been compliant. While in the home, she will auscultate the patient’s lungs to assess for worsened wheezing from baseline and recommend a visit to the patient’s physician if necessary. As the air quality reports improve in the next few days, the nurse will continue to monitor those patients most susceptible to ensure they have no residual effects from the previous days.

Cultural Mapping Through Museums essays

Cultural Mapping Through Museums essays Art cannot be confined to a Museums. It has many levels of depth pertaining to it. The message it is expressing to all is not always recognized, but is always received. This is what I am learning. Before this class, I thought that I did not know anything about Art, that Art was like every other subject that I have taken, where there is no room for your opinion. That it is either black or white, right or wrong, but this is not true. By questioning, you begin to understand what the artist is expressing. This is exactly what the title of our book, Believing is Seeing, has been trying to express. You reflect your beliefs into the Art. It is not the other way around, seeing is believing, because you already have opinions. If you were a blank chock board then it would be seeing is believing, but you are not like this, you already have opinions about everything. You have to unlearn everything you know in order to understand Art. You learn that even if you do not think you have a n opinion about something, that actually you do, but you just do not know it. This semester we have been to the following museums in the following order: Long Beach Museum of Art (LBMA), Museum of Latin American Art (MoLAA), Watt's Towers, Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA), and The Getty Museum. Each Museum needed less validation as an institution compared to the previous one. Based on this, you cannot assume that the statements made by the Getty and LACMA are all positive statements. The higher one goes through a hierarchy the more one needs to question the foundation of the statement. The only thing that occurs towards the top of a hierarchy is more means to support their statement. Something which each museum has shown us is cultural mapping, and through the mapping dominant vs. marginal culture. Every day I am finding out that I am more and more against the dominant culture and I am understanding the reason why. I grew up in San Marino,...

How to Make Your Own Invisible Ink

How to Make Your Own Invisible Ink Making invisible ink to write and reveal secret messages is a great science project to try, even if you think you dont have the right chemicals. Why? Because just about any chemical can be used as invisible ink if you know how to use it. What Is Invisible Ink? Invisible ink is any substance that you can use to write a message that is invisible until the ink is revealed. You write your message with the ink using a cotton swab, dampened finger, fountain pen, or toothpick. Let the message dry. You might also want to write a normal message on the paper so that it doesnt appear to be blank and meaningless. If you write a cover message, use a ballpoint pen, pencil, or crayon, since fountain pen ink could run into your invisible ink. Avoid using lined paper to write your invisible message for the same reason. How you reveal the message depends on the ink you use. Most invisible inks are made visible by heating the paper. Ironing the paper and holding it over a 100-watt bulb are easy ways to reveal these types of messages. Some messages are developed by spraying or wiping the paper with a second chemical. Other messages are revealed by shining an ultraviolet light  on the paper. Ways to Make Invisible Ink Anyone can write an invisible message, assuming you have paper, because body fluids can be used as invisible ink. If you dont feel like collecting urine, here are some alternatives: Heat-Activated Invisible InksYou can reveal the message by ironing the paper, setting it on a radiator, placing it in an oven (set lower than 450 F), or holding it up to a hot light bulb. To write the message you can use: Any acidic fruit juice (e.g., lemon, apple, or orange juice)Onion juiceBaking soda (sodium bicarbonate)VinegarWhite wineDiluted colaDiluted honeyMilkSoapy waterSucrose (table sugar) solutionUrine Inks Developed by Chemical ReactionsThese inks are sneakier  because you have to know how to reveal them. Most of them work using pH indicators, so when in doubt, paint or spray a suspected message with a base (such as sodium carbonate solution) or an acid (such as lemon juice). Some of these inks will reveal their message when heated (e.g., vinegar). Examples of such inks include: Phenolphthalein (pH indicator), developed by ammonia fumes or sodium carbonate (or another base)Thymolphthalein, developed by ammonia fumes or sodium carbonate (or another base)Vinegar or diluted acetic acid, developed by red cabbage waterAmmonia, developed by red cabbage waterSodium bicarbonate (baking soda), developed by grape juiceSodium chloride (table salt), developed by silver nitrateCopper sulfate, developed by sodium iodide, sodium carbonate, potassium ferricyanide, or ammonium hydroxideLead(II) nitrate, developed by sodium iodideIron sulfate, developed by sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, or potassium ferricyanideCobalt chloride, developed by potassium ferricyanideStarch (e.g., corn starch or potato starch), developed by iodine solutionLemon juice, developed by iodine solution Inks Developed by Ultraviolet Light (Black Light)Most inks that become visible when you shine a black light on them also would become visible if you heated the paper. Glow-in-the-dark stuff is still cool. Here are some chemicals to try: Dilute laundry detergent (the bluing agent glows)Body fluidsTonic water (quinine glows)Vitamin B-12 dissolved in vinegar Any chemical that weakens the structure of paper can be used as an invisible ink, so you might find it fun to discover other inks around your home or lab.

Beggar Thy Neighbour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Beggar Thy Neighbour - Essay Example After the American independence, several merchants made themselves incredibly wealthy from securities trading. People such as William Duer were able to make a lot of money from the stock market and their influence, fame, and resumes grew exponentially. Similarly, Robert Morris made himself exceptionally wealthy by trading securities on leverage from loans. Like Duer, his influence sparked many people to venture into the securities and commodities market. At the time, there were no laws governing securities trading and thus market panics were inevitable. By this point, the government had already understood that its role was to regulate this trade. In the absence of government regulations, the public was unprotected from the possibilities of fraud and loss of their money, which prompted the government to bring out new laws. Lenders were increasingly giving money to speculators and this led to the need for the government to control bank lending as well. Through regulating lending and in vestment, it is evident that government control was protecting the public. However, by governing the interest rates, the government and merchants did not come to agreeable terms, as most of the initial policies were ineffective. Some changes were implemented and this has continued to date making our financial system the current jargon it is today. Q 2: What led to the development of the American Bankruptcy Law?Many influential people participated towards the improvement of the financial industry.